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''Miniopterus manavi'' (Manavi long-fingered bat〔) is a bat in the genus ''Miniopterus'' that occurs in east-central Madagascar. First described in 1906, this species was later included in the mainland African ''M. minor''. A 1995 revision united populations of small ''Miniopterus'' from Madagascar and the Comoros as ''M. manavi'', but molecular and morphological studies in 2008 and 2009 showed that this concept of ''M. manavi'' in fact included five different species. ''M. manavi'' itself was restricted to a few locations in the eastern Central Highlands and populations in the Comoros and northern and western Madagascar were allocated to different species. ''Miniopterus manavi'' is a small, blackish or reddish-brown ''Miniopterus''; its forearm length is . The tragus (a projection in the outer ear) is narrow and ends in an angular tip. The uropatagium (tail membrane) is well-furred and the palate is flat. ==Taxonomy== ''Miniopterus'', a widespread genus of bats in Africa, southern Eurasia, and Australia, was first recorded from Madagascar by George Edward Dobson, who mentioned the larger ''Miniopterus schreibersii'' and the smaller ''M. scotinus'' (currently ''M. natalensis'') in his 1878 catalog of the bats in the British Museum.〔Dobson, 1878, pp. 350, 352; Hill, 1993, p. 401; Simmons, 2005, p. 521〕 In 1906, Oldfield Thomas named the larger species ''M. majori'' and the smaller ''M. manavi''.〔Thomas, 1906, pp. 175–176〕 He regarded ''M. manavi'' as close to the mainland African ''M. minor'',〔 and in 1971, R.W. Hayman and J.E. Hill placed it as a subspecies of that species.〔Hill, 1993, p. 401〕 In their 1995 ''Faune de Madagascar'' review of Malagasy bats, however, Randolph Peterson and colleagues again separated ''M. manavi'' as a species, with ''M. manavi griveaudi'' (currently ''Miniopterus griveaudi'') from Grande Comore as a subspecies.〔Simmons, 2005, p. 520〕 Peterson, who died before the review was completed, had originally divided ''M. manavi'' into several species occurring in different areas, but his collaborators decided conservatively to keep ''M. manavi'' as a single species, recommending reassessment of the status of those forms as new material would become available.〔Goodman et al., 2009b, p. 28〕 In the 2000s, molecular studies helped clarify the systematics of ''Miniopterus''. In 2007, Javier Juste and colleagues, using sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome ''b'' gene, found that bats from Madagascar (''M. manavi''), Grande Comore (''M. manavi griveaudi'') and São Tomé (''M. minor newtoni''; currently ''Miniopterus newtoni'') did not cluster together to the exclusion of other African ''Miniopterus'';〔Juste et al., 2007, pp. 30, 34〕 however, their samples of "''M. manavi''" were in fact misidentified ''M. majori''.〔Weyeneth et al., 2008, fig. 2, p. 5215〕 The next year, Nicole Weyeneth and colleagues used cytochrome ''b'' and mitochondrial D-loop sequences to assess the relationships of Comoran ''Miniopterus''.〔Weyeneth et al., 2008, p. 5207〕 They found two unrelated clades within Malagasy and Comoran samples of "''Miniopterus manavi''", neither of which was closely related to ''M. newtoni'' or to Tanzanian samples of ''M. minor''.〔Weyeneth et al., 2008, p. 5205, figs. 2–3〕 During 2009, Steven Goodman and colleagues published two papers that found a total of five genetically and morphologically distinct species within ''Miniopterus manavi'' as defined by Peterson and colleagues (1995), up to four of which can be found in a single locality.〔Goodman et al., 2009a; 2009b, pp. 1–2〕 In order to determine the true identity of ''M. manavi'', Goodman and Claude Maminirina obtained bats near the type locality of ''M. manavi'' (the site where the original material was collected, from which the species was described) for inclusion in the analysis; they also sequenced one of Thomas's original specimens.〔Goodman et al., 2009a, p. 346〕 Among the five species they identified, ''M. griveaudi'' occurs on Grande Comore and Anjouan and in northern and western Madagascar; ''M. aelleni'' occurs on Anjouan and in northern and western Madagascar; ''M. brachytragos'' is found in northern Madagascar only; ''M. mahafaliensis'' is confined to the southwestern part of the island; and ''M. manavi'' itself is known only from the eastern edge of the Central Highlands.〔Goodman et al., 2009b, pp. 5–6〕 These five species are not each other's closest relatives according to analyses of cytochrome ''b'' sequences and their similarities reflect convergent evolution.〔Goodman et al., 2009b, p. 1〕 Cytochrome ''b'' suggested that the closest relative of ''M. manavi'' is the slightly larger ''M. petersoni'' from southeastern Madagascar.〔Goodman et al., 2009a, table 2; 2009b, p. 5, fig. 2〕 Two specimens of ''M. manavi'' differed by 1.3% in their cytochrome ''b'' sequences and by 2.5% from ''M. petersoni''.〔Goodman et al., 2009a, pp. 346–347〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Miniopterus manavi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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